Note: To view the complete COBOL 85 and NEXGEN* code samples (below), it is best to view this on a larger screen.
COBOL 85
The following COBOL code is intended to reasonably reflect how a COBOL-85 program looks (in a side-by-side comparison) with NexGen*Cobol. The
comparison is made to illustrate how the NexGen* code is cleaner and leaner without losing any functionality. Some of the standard COBOL keywords and
reserved phrases (shown below) have been carried across to NexGen*, but others have been simplified and even dropped where they have been deemed to be
unnecessary.
By comparing the two versions of COBOL, it will be relatively easy to identify changes in syntax, especially related to the simplification of COBOL reserved words and
phrases. The most noticeable evolution can be found in the shift from the explicit definition of Divisions to a minimalistic keyword-driven program
structure. NexGen* uses a much more streamline approach to dividing the functional aspects of Identification, Environment, Data, and Procedure. Another
significant change is in the way syntax, in general, is simplified and standardized for mathematical expressions and assignments, as well as for
iteration and branching.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> Creates indexed file from pre-sorted sequential data
*> using 3 keys: record number, currency code, year
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION .
PROGRAM-ID . IdxDataOptimize_1 IS INITIAL.
AUTHOR . Daniel Turner
DATE-WRITTEN . 2023/08/03 (15:32)
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION .
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION .
FILE-CONTROL .
SELECT
SeqDataFile
ASSIGN TO
"SX_seqkey_1.dat"
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL
FILE STATUS IS
InputFileStatus.
SELECT
IdxDataFile
ASSIGN TO
"SX_idx_1.dat"
ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED
ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC
RECORD KEY IS
RecordKey-I
ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS
CurrencyCode-I
WITH DUPLICATES
ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS
YearOfRate-I
WITH DUPLICATES .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
DATA DIVISION .
FILE SECTION .
*> for indexed file
FD
IdxDataFile.
01 CurrencyRecordIdx.
02 RecordKey-I
PIC
9(4).
02 CurrencyCode-I
PIC
X(3).
02 YearOfRate-I
PIC
9(4).
02 ExchangeRate-I
PIC
9(10).
*> for sequential file
FD
SeqDataFile.
01 CurrencyRecordSeq
PIC
X(21).
88 EndOfSeqFile
VALUE HIGH-VALUES .
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION .
01 InputFileStatus
PIC
X(2).
88 RecordFound-S
VALUE
"00".
01 StopFlag
PIC
X
VALUE
"0".
01 RecordCounter
PIC
9(4).
01 CounterAlpha
PIC
X(4).
01 CounterNoZeros
PIC
ZZZ9.
01 TimeCounter
PIC
9(2).
01 TimePercentage
PIC
X(4).
01 LogTag
PIC
X(50).
01 MenuOption
PIC
X.
01 GuidePage
PIC
X(30).
01 CycleTime
PIC
9
VALUE
1.
01 CycleTimeLong
PIC
9
VALUE
7.
*> external variable
01 DatabaseSelected
PIC
X(5)
IS EXTERNAL .
01 CrumbStatus
PIC
X(11)
IS EXTERNAL .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
PROCEDURE DIVISION .
*> open and verify input file exists
100-OpenFiles.
OPEN INPUT
SeqDataFile.
IF
(InputFileStatus = "35")
DISPLAY
"File Error: (SX_seqkey_1.dat) Not Found"
DISPLAY SPACES
DISPLAY
"Press Return To Continue "
WITH NO ADVANCING
ACCEPT
StopFlag
DISPLAY SPACES
CLOSE
SeqDataFile
GO TO
400-ExitProgram
END-IF .
OPEN OUTPUT
IdxDataFile.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> display menu for optimization options
200-ShowMenu.
DISPLAY SPACES .
DISPLAY
"Optimizing Currency Data Records".
DISPLAY
"--------------------------------".
DISPLAY
"1) Convert Data To Indexed File".
DISPLAY
"2) Convert Data To Db2 Database (Not Active)".
DISPLAY SPACES .
DISPLAY
"Select Option (0-Exit, 9-User Guide): "
WITH NO ADVANCING .
ACCEPT
MenuOption.
DISPLAY SPACES .
IF
MenuOption = "1"
GO TO
300-StartIndexing
*> display user guide
ELSE IF
MenuOption = "9"
MOVE
"UG_DataOptimize_1.dat" TO GuidePage
CALL
"UserGuideList_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
GuidePage
GO TO
200-ShowMenu
*> exit program
ELSE IF
MenuOption = "0"
GO TO
500-CloseFiles
*> invalid entry
ELSE
DISPLAY SPACES
DISPLAY
"Invalid Selection"
DISPLAY SPACES
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTimeLong
GO TO
200-ShowMenu
END-IF .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> write records from sequential file to indexed file
300-StartIndexing.
DISPLAY
"[Status] Start File Optimization"
MOVE ZEROS TO
RecordCounter.
*> reset endoffile
READ
SeqDataFile
AT END SET
EndOfSeqFile
TO TRUE .
*> start file reading/writing
PERFORM UNTIL
EndOfSeqFile
WRITE
CurrencyRecordIdx
FROM
CurrencyRecordSeq
INVALID KEY DISPLAY
"File Write Error"
END-WRITE
ADD
1
TO
RecordCounter
READ
SeqDataFile
AT END SET
EndOfSeqFile
TO TRUE
END-READ
END-PERFORM .
*> time delay loop to display animated progress bar
MOVE
1
TO
TimeCounter.
MOVE
". "
TO
TimePercentage.
PERFORM
3
TIMES
DISPLAY
TimePercentage
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTimeLong
MOVE
"."
TO
TimePercentage(TimeCounter + 1:1)
ADD
1
TO
TimeCounter
END-PERFORM .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> file processing completed
400-DisplayStatus.
DISPLAY
"[Status] Optimization Complete ("
"SX_idx_1.dat)".
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTime.
DISPLAY SPACES .
DISPLAY
"Record Counter: " RecordCounter.
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTimeLong.
*> update log file
MOVE
"File Optimization Complete (SX_idx_1.dat)"
TO
LogTag.
CALL
"LogUpdate_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
LogTag.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> close input and output files
500-CloseFiles.
CLOSE
SeqDataFile IdxDataFile.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> exit program
600-ExitProgram.
MOVE
"1"
TO
CrumbStatus(6:1).
EXIT PROGRAM .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
NEXGEN*COBOL
One of the primary objectives of this new and revolutionary version of COBOL is to allow for a codebase that is more familiar and therefore more attractive to programmers
who initially learned to code in modern languages like Python and Java — although this new variant still maintains much of the verb-based syntax
that makes COBOL easy to write, debug and maintain. The program below is intentionally simple. In the near future, however, additional examples of NexGen* code will showcase the full set of new
keywords and internal functions that supports AI implementation. (see NexGen In-A-Day)
NexGen* is written and compiled based on line-by-line segmentation, which is otherwise linear-format and column-free. The indentations
on some lines below are added to provide visual clarity, but they are not necessary. Comments can occupy a single line or can be placed at the end of any statement and are
disregarded, as usual, by the compiler. The identification of the four standard COBOL Divisions is dropped from coding requirements, although the
concept itself is maintained and easily discerned by keywords and overall program structure.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> Creates indexed file from pre-sorted sequential data
*> using 3 keys: record number, currency code, year
*> Coded by Daniel Turner [2023/08/03]
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
PROGRAM-ID
"IdxDataOptimize_1" INITIAL
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
SET
SeqDataFile = "SX_seqkey_1.dat"
LINE SEQUENTIAL
STATUS
InputFileStatus
SET
IdxDataFile = "SX_idx_1.dat"
INDEXED DYNAMIC
KEY
RecordKey-I
ALTERNATE
CurrencyCode-I
DUPLICATES
ALTERNATE
YearOfRate-I
DUPLICATES
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> for indexed file
FD
IdxDataFile
01 CurrencyRecordIdx
02 RecordKey-I
9
(4)
02 CurrencyCode-I
X
(3)
02 YearOfRate-I
9
(4)
02 ExchangeRate-I
9
(10)
*> for sequential file
FD
SeqDataFile
01 CurrencyRecordSeq
X
(21)
88 EndOfSeqFile
IS HIGH
DATA
01 InputFileStatus
X
(2)
88 RecordFound-S
IS
"00"
01 StopFlag
X
(1)
IS
"0"
01 RecordCounter
9
(4)
01 CounterAlpha
X
(4)
01 CounterNoZeros
ZZZ9
01 TimeCounter
9
(2)
01 TimePercentage
X
(4)
01 LogTag
X
(50)
01 MenuOption
X
(1)
01 GuidePage
X
(30)
01 CycleTime
9
(1)
IS
1
01 CycleTimeLong
9
(1)
IS
7
EXTERNAL
01 DatabaseSelected
X
(5)
01 CrumbStatus
X
(11)
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
START
*> open and verify input file exists
SECTION
100-OpenFiles
OPEN INPUT
SeqDataFile
IF
(InputFileStatus = "35")
DISPLAY:2
"File Error: (SX_seqkey_1.dat) Not Found "
DISPLAY:0
"Press Return To Continue "
*> no line feed
ACCEPT:2
StopFlag
*> double line feed after ACCEPT
CLOSE
SeqDataFile
GO TO
600-ExitProgram
END-IF
OPEN OUTPUT
IdxDataFile
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> display menu for optimization options
SECTION
200-ShowMenu
DISPLAY
"Optimizing Currency Data Records"
DISPLAY
"--------------------------------"
DISPLAY
"1) Convert Data To Indexed File"
DISPLAY:2
"2) Convert Data To Db2 Database (Not Active)"
DISPLAY
"Select Option (0-Exit, 9-User Guide): "
ACCEPT:2
MenuOption
IF
MenuOption = "1"
GO TO
300-StartIndexing
*> display user guide
ELSE IF
MenuOption = "9"
SET
GuidePage = "UG_DataOptimize_1.dat"
CALL
"UserGuideList_1"
REFER
GuidePage
GO TO
200-ShowMenu
*> exit program
ELSE IF
MenuOption = "0"
GO TO
500-CloseFiles
*> invalid entry
ELSE
DISPLAY:2
"Invalid Selection"
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
REFER
CycleTimeLong
GO TO
200-ShowMenu
END-IF
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> write records from sequential file to indexed file
SECTION
300-StartIndexing
DISPLAY
"[Status] Start File Optimization"
SET
RecordCounter = 0
*> reset endoffile
READ
SeqDataFile
AT END SET
EndOfSeqFile
TO TRUE END-READ
*> start file reading/writing
PERFORM UNTIL
EndOfSeqFile
WRITE
CurrencyRecordIdx
FROM
CurrencyRecordSeq
INVALID KEY DISPLAY
"File Write Error"
SET
RecordCounter = + 1
READ
SeqDataFile
AT END SET
EndOfSeqFile
TO TRUE END-READ
END-PERFORM
*> time delay loop to display animated progress bar
SET
TimeCounter = 1
SET
TimePercentage = ". "
PERFORM
(1 TO 3)
DISPLAY
TimePercentage
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
REFER
CycleTimeLong
SET
TimePercentage(TimeCounter + 1:1) = "."
SET
TimeCounter = + 1 *> adds 1 to TimeCounter
END-PERFORM
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> file processing completed
SECTION
400-DisplayStatus
DISPLAY:2
"[Status] Optimization Complete (SX_idx_1.dat)"
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
REFER
CycleTime
DISPLAY
"Record Counter: " RecordCounter
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
REFER
CycleTimeLong
*> update log file
SET
LogTag = "File Optimization Complete (SX_idx_1.dat)"
CALL
"LogUpdate_1"
REFER
LogTag
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> close input and output files
SECTION
500-CloseFiles
CLOSE
SeqDataFile IdxDataFile
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> exit program
SECTION
600-ExitProgram
SET
CrumbStatus(6:1) = "1"
EXIT
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Note: To view the complete COBOL 85 and NEXGEN* code samples (below), it is best to view this on a larger screen.
The following COBOL code is intended to reasonably reflect how a COBOL-85 program looks (in a side-by-side comparison) with NexGen*Cobol. The comparison is made to illustrate how the NexGen* code is cleaner and leaner without losing any functionality. Some of the standard COBOL keywords and reserved phrases (shown below) have been carried across to NexGen*, but others have been simplified and even dropped where they have been deemed to be unnecessary.
By comparing the two versions of COBOL, it will be relatively easy to identify changes in syntax, especially related to the simplification of COBOL reserved words and phrases. The most noticeable evolution can be found in the shift from the explicit definition of Divisions to a minimalistic keyword-driven program structure. NexGen* uses a much more streamline approach to dividing the functional aspects of Identification, Environment, Data, and Procedure. Another significant change is in the way syntax, in general, is simplified and standardized for mathematical expressions and assignments, as well as for iteration and branching.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> Creates indexed file from pre-sorted sequential data
*> using 3 keys: record number, currency code, year
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION .
PROGRAM-ID . IdxDataOptimize_1 IS INITIAL.
AUTHOR . Daniel Turner
DATE-WRITTEN . 2023/08/03 (15:32)
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION .
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION .
FILE-CONTROL .
SELECT
SeqDataFile
ASSIGN TO
"SX_seqkey_1.dat"
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL
FILE STATUS IS
InputFileStatus.
SELECT
IdxDataFile
ASSIGN TO
"SX_idx_1.dat"
ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED
ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC
RECORD KEY IS
RecordKey-I
ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS
CurrencyCode-I
WITH DUPLICATES
ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS
YearOfRate-I
WITH DUPLICATES .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
DATA DIVISION .
FILE SECTION .
*> for indexed file
FD
IdxDataFile.
01 CurrencyRecordIdx.
02 RecordKey-I
PIC
9(4).
02 CurrencyCode-I
PIC
X(3).
02 YearOfRate-I
PIC
9(4).
02 ExchangeRate-I
PIC
9(10).
*> for sequential file
FD
SeqDataFile.
01 CurrencyRecordSeq
PIC
X(21).
88 EndOfSeqFile
VALUE HIGH-VALUES .
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION .
01 InputFileStatus
PIC
X(2).
88 RecordFound-S
VALUE
"00".
01 StopFlag
PIC
X
VALUE
"0".
01 RecordCounter
PIC
9(4).
01 CounterAlpha
PIC
X(4).
01 CounterNoZeros
PIC
ZZZ9.
01 TimeCounter
PIC
9(2).
01 TimePercentage
PIC
X(4).
01 LogTag
PIC
X(50).
01 MenuOption
PIC
X.
01 GuidePage
PIC
X(30).
01 CycleTime
PIC
9
VALUE
1.
01 CycleTimeLong
PIC
9
VALUE
7.
*> external variable
01 DatabaseSelected
PIC
X(5)
IS EXTERNAL .
01 CrumbStatus
PIC
X(11)
IS EXTERNAL .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
PROCEDURE DIVISION .
*> open and verify input file exists
100-OpenFiles.
OPEN INPUT
SeqDataFile.
IF
(InputFileStatus = "35")
DISPLAY
"File Error: (SX_seqkey_1.dat) Not Found"
DISPLAY SPACES
DISPLAY
"Press Return To Continue "
WITH NO ADVANCING
ACCEPT
StopFlag
DISPLAY SPACES
CLOSE
SeqDataFile
GO TO
400-ExitProgram
END-IF .
OPEN OUTPUT
IdxDataFile.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> display menu for optimization options
200-ShowMenu.
DISPLAY SPACES .
DISPLAY
"Optimizing Currency Data Records".
DISPLAY
"--------------------------------".
DISPLAY
"1) Convert Data To Indexed File".
DISPLAY
"2) Convert Data To Db2 Database (Not Active)".
DISPLAY SPACES .
DISPLAY
"Select Option (0-Exit, 9-User Guide): "
WITH NO ADVANCING .
ACCEPT
MenuOption.
DISPLAY SPACES .
IF
MenuOption = "1"
GO TO
300-StartIndexing
*> display user guide
ELSE IF
MenuOption = "9"
MOVE
"UG_DataOptimize_1.dat" TO GuidePage
CALL
"UserGuideList_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
GuidePage
GO TO
200-ShowMenu
*> exit program
ELSE IF
MenuOption = "0"
GO TO
500-CloseFiles
*> invalid entry
ELSE
DISPLAY SPACES
DISPLAY
"Invalid Selection"
DISPLAY SPACES
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTimeLong
GO TO
200-ShowMenu
END-IF .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> write records from sequential file to indexed file
300-StartIndexing.
DISPLAY
"[Status] Start File Optimization"
MOVE ZEROS TO
RecordCounter.
*> reset endoffile
READ
SeqDataFile
AT END SET
EndOfSeqFile
TO TRUE .
*> start file reading/writing
PERFORM UNTIL
EndOfSeqFile
WRITE
CurrencyRecordIdx
FROM
CurrencyRecordSeq
INVALID KEY DISPLAY
"File Write Error"
END-WRITE
ADD
1
TO
RecordCounter
READ
SeqDataFile
AT END SET
EndOfSeqFile
TO TRUE
END-READ
END-PERFORM .
*> time delay loop to display animated progress bar
MOVE
1
TO
TimeCounter.
MOVE
". "
TO
TimePercentage.
PERFORM
3
TIMES
DISPLAY
TimePercentage
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTimeLong
MOVE
"."
TO
TimePercentage(TimeCounter + 1:1)
ADD
1
TO
TimeCounter
END-PERFORM .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> file processing completed
400-DisplayStatus.
DISPLAY
"[Status] Optimization Complete ("
"SX_idx_1.dat)".
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTime.
DISPLAY SPACES .
DISPLAY
"Record Counter: " RecordCounter.
CALL
"TimeDelay_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
CycleTimeLong.
*> update log file
MOVE
"File Optimization Complete (SX_idx_1.dat)"
TO
LogTag.
CALL
"LogUpdate_1"
USING BY REFERENCE
LogTag.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> close input and output files
500-CloseFiles.
CLOSE
SeqDataFile IdxDataFile.
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
*> exit program
600-ExitProgram.
MOVE
"1"
TO
CrumbStatus(6:1).
EXIT PROGRAM .
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
One of the primary objectives of this new and revolutionary version of COBOL is to allow for a codebase that is more familiar and therefore more attractive to programmers who initially learned to code in modern languages like Python and Java — although this new variant still maintains much of the verb-based syntax that makes COBOL easy to write, debug and maintain. The program below is intentionally simple. In the near future, however, additional examples of NexGen* code will showcase the full set of new keywords and internal functions that supports AI implementation. (see NexGen In-A-Day)
NexGen* is written and compiled based on line-by-line segmentation, which is otherwise linear-format and column-free. The indentations on some lines below are added to provide visual clarity, but they are not necessary. Comments can occupy a single line or can be placed at the end of any statement and are disregarded, as usual, by the compiler. The identification of the four standard COBOL Divisions is dropped from coding requirements, although the concept itself is maintained and easily discerned by keywords and overall program structure.
